JOE T. COXWELL --- Science Fiction Author & Astronomical Artist
Original Science Fiction and Space/Astronomical Art
Member Mississippi Writers Guild
Space News and Features
  • Home
    • Joe T. Coxwell -- A Brief Biography
    • Coxwell's Blog
    • Author Sci-Fi Recommendations
    • Author Interview with Sleepytown Press
  • FREE Story Teasers
    • Epsilon Wish Teaser
    • Third Contact Teaser
  • Purchase Book
    • Order On-line from Amazon.com and Others
    • Order a Kindle Download from Amazon.com
    • Order from the Author by Mail
  • Space News
    • Extraterrestrial Life Search >
      • ​Extraterrestrial Life Could Be Purple
      • ​Alien Life Could Thrive on 'Supercritical' CO2 Instead of Water
      • Alien Megastructure -- "Tabby's Star" -- KIC 8462852 >
        • ​Kepler's 'Alien Megastructure' Star Just Got Weirder
        • ​'Alien Megastructure' Star Keeps Getting Stranger
        • 'Alien Megastructure' Star Is at It Again with the Strange Dimming
      • Humans Will Hear from Intelligent Aliens This Century, Physicist Says
      • ​Could Methane on Saturn's Moon Enceladus Be a Sign of Life?
      • Superflare Blasts Proxima b, the Nearest Exoplanet, ​Dimming Hopes of Life
    • Exoplanets >
      • The Largest Alien Planet of TRAPPIST-1 Has an Atmosphere That Evolved Over Eons
      • First Exomoon Found? Neptune-Sized World Possibly Spotted Orbiting Alien Planet
      • ​Ringed, Rocky Alien Planets May Hide in Plain Sight
      • Kepler Space Telescope Discovers ​95 More Alien Planets
      • ​The Alien Planets of TRAPPIST-1 May Be Too Wet for Life
      • ​Exoplanets: Worlds Beyond Our Solar System
      • Current Potentially Habitable Exoplanets
      • That's No Moon? Proposed Exomoon Defies Formation Theories
      • KOI-500: A Crowded Little Solar System
      • Super-Earth HD 40307g in its Habitable Zone
      • New Earth-mass Planet Found in Nearby Alpha Centauri System
      • Super-Earth 55 Cancri e: Not So Earthlike
      • Newfound Alien Planet a Top Contender to Host Life
      • Planets in Multiple Star Systems -- Is Tatooine for Real?
      • Miniature Solar System Discovered
      • A Periodic Table of Exoplanets
      • Known Types of Alien Planets
      • How Planets in Alien Solar Systems Stack Up
      • Earth-sized Planets Discovered
      • Alien Planet HD 85512 b Holds Possibility of Life
    • Mars Exploration >
      • ​'Mars Ain't Gonna Be Easy': What Apollo 17 Leaders Are Saying About Future Space Exploration
      • The Curiosity Rover Just Drilled into a Rock on Mars for 1st Time Since 2016
      • Curiosity Mars Rover -- Image Gallery
      • Humans on Mars By 2039 -- The Long Delay is Mostly Lack of Political Will
      • Invasion of Mars: Landings and Crashes
    • US Space Program >
      • Pluto's Biggest Moon Could Give an Orbiter an (Almost) Free Ride
      • New Horizons Pluto Photo Gallery >
        • Pluto May Have a Gooey Carbon Layer Beneath Its Crust
      • Space Launch System: NASA's Giant Rocket Explained
      • NASA's New Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle
    • Private Spaceflight Developments >
      • SpaceX's Dragon Capsule & Falcon-9 Booster
      • SpaceX Nails the Barge Landing!
      • Boeing's CST-100 Spacecraft
      • Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser Spaceplane
      • Blue Origins >
        • Blue Origin's New Glenn Booster
    • The Solar System >
      • The Sun
      • Mercury
      • Venus >
        • NASA Wants to Send Humans to Venus, to Live in Airships Floating on Clouds
      • Earth's Moon
      • Mars
      • Asteroids / Vesta / Ceres >
        • Asteroid Sampling MIssion
      • Jupiter
      • Saturn / Titan
      • Uranus
      • Neptune
      • Pluto / Eris / Kuiper Belt Objects
  • Space Art & More
    • New or Recent Artwork
    • Space Art Gallery
    • Space Art Slideshow
  • Links & Contact Info
    • Author Contact
    • Links

​The Alien Planets of TRAPPIST-1 May Be Too Wet for Life

Picture
By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer | March 19, 2018 12:01pm ET
 
      The seven rocky planets circling the nearby star TRAPPIST-1 have lots of water, a new study suggests — perhaps too much to make them good bets for life.

      All of the TRAPPIST-1 worlds likely harbor hundreds of Earth oceans' worth of water on their surfaces, and the wettest ones may have over 1,000 times more of the stuff than our planet does, according to the study. Surprisingly, this probably isn't great news for the TRAPPIST-1 system's life-hosting potential, study team members said. 

      "Too much water can be a bad thing," lead author Cayman Unterborn, a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University, told Space.com. "The TRAPPIST-1s are interesting, but maybe not for life."
 
      TRAPPIST-1 is a dim red dwarf star that lies about 39 light-years from Earth. Astronomers discovered three planets circling the star in 2016, and four more were announced a year later. Each of the seven worlds — which are known as TRAPPIST-1b, c, d, e, f, g and h — is about the same size as Earth. And three of the alien worlds (e, f and g) are thought to lie in TRAPPIST-1's "habitable zone" — that just-right range of distances where liquid water could likely exist on a planet's surface.   TRAPPIST-1 is about 2,000 times dimmer than the sun, so the red dwarf's habitable zone is very close-in. Indeed, all seven TRAPPIST-1 planets lie closer to their star than Mercury does to the sun.
 
      All of the TRAPPIST-1 planets were discovered via the "transit method"; several different instruments noticed the tiny brightness dips that resulted when the worlds crossed their host star's face. The magnitude of these dips revealed the sizes of the worlds. And astronomers have been able to estimate the planets' masses, though not nearly as precisely, by studying how their transits have varied over time. (These variations occur as neighboring planets tug on one another gravitationally.)

With this mass and volume information in hand, Unterborn and his team used computer models to get a better idea of the composition of six of the TRAPPIST-1 worlds. (They didn't deal with TRAPPIST-1h, the outermost planet, because not enough is known about it.)
This modeling work suggested that there's a wetness gradient in the TRAPPIST-1 system. The innermost planets, b and c, are probably about 10 percent water by mass, whereas the wet stuff makes up at least 50 percent of the more distant f and g. The middle planets d and e fall somewhere in between.
 
      All of these worlds are sopping wet, even at the low end of the gradient. For comparison, Earth is just 0.2 percent water by mass. Indeed, the TRAPPIST-1 planets are probably "water worlds," with no land to break the monotony of wind and wave, Unterborn said.
If that is indeed the case, the odds of finding life in the system may not be great.

      "With no exposed land, key geochemical cycles including the drawdown of carbon and phosphorus into oceanic reservoirs from continental weathering will be muted, thus limiting the size of the biosphere," the researchers wrote in the new study, which was published online today (March 19) in the journal Nature Astronomy. "As such, although these planets may be habitable in the classical definition of the presence of surface water, any biosignature observed from this system may not be fully distinguishable from abiotic, purely geochemical sources."

      And all that water might shut down some key geological processes that could help life get a foothold, Unterborn said. For example, rocks in Earth's mantle often become liquid after moving upward to a zone of lower pressure, where their melting point is lower. But such "decompression melting" may occur rarely, if at all, on the TRAPPIST-1 worlds, because the huge weight of the overlying global oceans jacks up mantle pressures so much.
 
      Without molten rock near the surface, there can be no volcanoes (at least not the kind we're used to here on Earth). And without volcanoes, heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide, may have a hard time reaching the atmosphere — which means the TRAPPIST-1 planets may have been subjected to a "runaway snowball" effect, Unterborn said. 

      Planets orbiting red dwarfs face other habitability challenges, many researchers have stressed. For example, if these worlds orbit tightly enough to be in the habitable zone, they're almost certainly "tidally locked," meaning they always show the same face to their parent star. So, one side of such planets may be boiling hot while the other is frigid. This problem could be mitigated by the presence of a thick atmosphere, which would circulate heat. But red dwarfs fire off lots of powerful flares, which may quickly strip away the atmospheres of habitable-zone worlds.

      Such issues are heavily debated and studied, which isn't surprising given the prevalence of red dwarfs: About 75 percent of the Milky Way's stars are red dwarfs, so they likely harbor most of the galaxy's real estate, habitable or otherwise.  The new study also sheds light on the formation and evolution of the TRAPPIST-1 system. For example, all seven planets currently lie inside the primordial "snow line" — the point beyond which it was cold enough for water to remain frozen when the worlds were taking shape. But the team's results suggest that planets f, g and h actually formed beyond this boundary and migrated inward over time. Planets b and c, on the other hand, coalesced inside the primordial snow line. (It's not clear where TRAPPIST-1d and e were born in relation to this line, which the researchers said was likely located somewhere between the newborn worlds c and f.)

      Overall, the study indicates that red dwarf systems such as TRAPPIST-1 shouldn't be thought of as just miniature versions of our own solar system, Unterborn said; their planets may form in slightly different ways, and/or on slightly different timescales.

      "Understanding it from a planetary formation and evolution perspective, I think, is — for the public especially — a much more powerful way of selling TRAPPIST-1 than life," he said. "No one likes being the wet blanket who says, 'Well, actually, they're not that great for life.' But they're really interesting, and we need to know these things in order to understand the planets that are likely to have life."
​
Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us@Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.


Picture
Artist illustrations of the seven Earth-sized planets in the TRAPPIST-1 star system and their comparison to the Earth and planets in our solar system.
Picture
Artist conception of what a sunset might look like from the surface of one of the TRAPPIST-1 planets. The crescent "moons" are actually other planets in the system orbiting the TRAPPIST-1 star.
Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.